ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the efficacy of terlipressin versus octreotide after endoscopic variceal band ligation [EVL] in prevention of early variceal rebleed. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2011 to Jun 2011
Material and Method: All patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected through consecutive sampling. Both male and female patients between ages of 30 and 60 years were included in study. All patients received same intravenous antibiotics, intravenous vitamin K, syrup lactulose and underwent upper GI endoscopy with band ligation was done by gastroenterologist. After the procedure, all patients were placed randomly in two groups based on lottery method. Group-A received octreotide and group-B received terlipressin. The group-A received intravenous octreotide at the rate of 50ugm/hour and group-B received terlipressin 1 mg/4 hourly for 5 days after band ligation. Both groups were observed daily for evidence of early rebleed i.e. hematemesis, melena or both. For efficacy to be labelled, both must be absent. End point of the study was the prevention of early rebleed efficiently. Symptoms of hematemesis, melena or both were also recorded in proforma by close monitoring of patient
Results: Efficacy of terlipressin versus octreotide after EVL in prevention of early variceal rebleed was recorded as 87.69% [n=57] in group-A and 96.92% [n=63] in group-B while remaining 12.31% [n=8] in group-A and 3.08% [n=2] in group-B were not effectively treated, p-value was calculated as 0.04 which shows a significant difference in both groups
Conclusion: Terlipressin was significantly more effective than octreotide once combined with EVL in preventing early variceal rebleed in our study
ABSTRACT
Temporomandibular disorders [TMD] refers to group of disorders characterized by pain in the temporomandibular joint [TMJ], the periauricular area, or the muscles of mastication; TMJ noises [sounds] during mandibular function; and deviations or restriction in mandibular range of motion. Temporomandibular disorders are common among all ages. Symptoms have been found more frequently in females than males. The aim of this study was to use a cross sectional epidemiological study to investigate the prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD among university students in the permanent dentition, males and females, through clinical examination and self-reported questionnaire. Data were collected using a pre-structured proforma from 500 students from the Abdul Wall Khan University, Mar dan. Meaning and terms used in the proforma were explained to each student by the investigator. Age, gender and history for symptoms of the TMDs like pain in preauricular region, clicking sound, limited mouth opening[less than 40 mm], and chewing difficulty; were filled by the students. Detailed examination for signs of TMDs was done by two investigators. The collected were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for all variables. Chi-square test was applied for comparison the variables [TMDs signs and symptoms] gender wise. P<0.005 was considered significant. Out of 500 participants 50% were males and 50% were females. Only 19% students had signs and symptoms of TMDs. Clicking sound was the most common sign of TMD in both genders. There was no statistical difference between the two genders [p> 0.005]. Headache and TMJ sound were the most common symptoms in both genders. There was also no statistical difference in symptoms of TMDs between the two genders [p> 0.005]
ABSTRACT
Skeletal class II results from anteroposterior disproportion in size or discrepancy in position of jaws rather than malposition of teeth relative to jaws. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of skeletal class II. One hundred patients with skeletal class II were recruited in this study. The data was collected on specially designed proforma. Lateral cephalogram were traced for data analysis. Fifty-five female and forty-five males participated in this study. The age ranged from 9 to 34 years. Short mandible [50%] and vertically high angle [48%] were the common patterns. The common patterns among the skeletal class II patients were with short mandible and high angle